hb``g``a`a`zb@ C'D6 @ m6_7I ATSG is hitting the road on a cross-country Grand Prix for our 2023 Technical Seminars! Suggestions? T! I work on other peoples vehicles for a living. Call Us Text A VIN# Mon-Thu 9AM-8PM | Fri-Sat 9AM-5PM EST. Nothing a miss in any other gear change up or down. Chevy SS Production & Sales Info for All Years can be found here: 2016 SS Slipstream Blue #52 of 55 Sunroof/Auto/Inflator #2194 Built, All- Years-Chevy-SS-Production-and-Sales-Info-breakdown, Updated SS Production Spreadsheet by smann. need to pull the fill plug and finger it. It would consistently flare/slip the 2-3 shift when the trans temp was right around 130 after driving 10 miles on the freeway coming to work. Heya Wacker! In manual mode at a randomly chosen . Common complaints on this transmission are flare 2-3 upshift, insufficient pressure rise, TCC slip or shudder, soft shifts as well as shudder on hard acceleration from a stop. 2015 A6 - supercharged - gone but not forgotten. Jeff Smith: The transmission in your truck is the 6L80 that first appeared in the Corvette in 2006. This is on a 100% stock calibration. Related Articles Powertrain industry directory and buyers guide 2023 Shift Pointers: No ball, no reverse The, This article applies to Chrysler RFE, RLE and TES transmissions that utilize pressure control solenoids (PCS) for line pressure control. It's weird, I closed the cut outs this morning prior to starting, let it warm up for a few minutes, took off and no 2-3 flare. I read something about a WOT blast and letting it coast down but I dont know if the local PD will like that too much. Putting in some Red Eagles here shortly. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. [RMTtF_ba+|bC&B-%}!! This procedure will work. Specifications subject to change without notice. Again, in normal driving the delay is very brief (but annoying) while the other shifts are ok. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. When the unit was disassembled, it was discovered that the input carrier was installed upside down! This transmission is not the state-of-the-art but it is very fast. Compatible with all models except early, 1st design 6L80 plate 24246916. A low vacuum reading indicates wear. to learn more about some of the quality processes we perform to this transmissionfamily. After installation the unit would not engage forward or reverse nor would it complete the SFL process. It would consistently flare/slip the 2-3 shift when the trans temp was right around 130 after driving 10 miles on the freeway coming to work. Didn't know this was a issue with the A6's. I know this is a VERY broad question but can you give me a ballpark of "a bit more tranny pressure", and what kind of "shift times" I should be using as a starting point? Clutch Failure. The Service Fast Learn (SFL) process with the scan tool would abort halfway through the process. Apr 9, 2016. Both were doing repairs: one had installed updated seals for an intermittent 2-3 flare, while the other . It helped SOME but not much. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. A forum community dedicated to Chevy SS owners and enthusiasts. 8,415 Posts. Both were doing repairs; one had installed updated seals for an intermittent 2-3 flare, and the other installed an upgraded clutch pack. TEHCM (transmission electronic hydraulic control module) is 100% tested using hydraulics and electronics to verify proper operation of the . 5 0 obj For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Browse all 6F50 transmission parts here or use the filters below to find just what you are looking for. Only annoyance is the automatic transmission, I think it's a 6L90? . Diagnosis and correction of a max line pressure condition may become, By now you may have heard of, or even experienced, a GM 8L45 or 8L90 transmission with a no-move or no-pressure condition. The 6T40 is closely related to the more lightweight 6T30 and the heavier duty 6T45 and 6T50. Helping transmission shops achievesuccessful and profitable operation. %PDF-1.4 Did it pre and post mods. ($.SLB2ULB2U Jim Dial. %%EOF The 6L80E transmission is widely used in such popular GM applications as the Silverado and Sierra trucks, Tahoe, Suburban, Denali, Hummer H2, Cadillac Escalade, STS and CTS, Camaro,and G8 . (Ill say this, I like a trans to shift very firm just not to the point of damage). Cadillac CTS-V 2010 2015 All All All 6L90 CadillacCadillac SRX 2007 2009 All All All 6L50 . #|/$u/$De|) Q/$De|!YepX%;dVHL It was my understanding the Airaid was fine to install without throwing codes and tuning? Subscribe today to see the replies on this topic. Doesn't matter what suspension setting (i.e. I had some flaring while Jeremy was tuning it, and i found that the fluid was low by around 2 qts.. Early-style stator support shaft is modified for 100% installation of updated 1-2-3-4 and 3-5/reverse seal rings to prevent seal leakage, harsh/delayed shifts and burnt clutches. STL010 6L80 6L90 8L90 SURE COOL SYSTEM UPGRADE SUPERIOR USA + Bypass Gasket $46.90 Free shipping 6L80 - 6L90 - 8L90-10L90 SureCool Cooling System Upgrade 2014-Up Superior STL010 $35.62 $37.89 Free shipping Select Vehicle Shop with confidence Top Rated Plus Automatic Transmission 6L80/6L90: No Movement After Repair This is the tale of two transmission technicians: one at the beginning of his career and another who grew up in the business. #BPHL 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6. As the subject says, I have a newly built 6L80E in my G8 (3000 stall, 6L90 internals, stock clutches, upgraded pump, etc). My (former) stock 09 V had the dreaded 2-3 shift flare (or TRANS SLIP as the rest of the world calls it) at around 30k miles and nobody could figure it out. Overall, it is an easy transmission to work on, but whether you are a novice or an old-timer be sure to avoid these two traps waiting to catch you. I am interested in enhancing my vehicles performance. Narrow Your Choices Zip Valve Drop-in Parts Early-style GM 6L80/90E includes 100% installation of an updated notched valve body spacer plate gasket to provide better oiling to the solenoid, preventing a DTC P0751 code (due to lack of oil to solenoid). JavaScript is disabled. Well at least it was documented that I was having a problem. I'm figuring a trip to the service dept. and 41 of 41 as built of the 534 HW. Gregg Nader is a Sonnax technical specialist and a member of the TASC Force (Technical Automotive Specialties Committee), a group of recognized industry technical specialists, transmission rebuilders and Sonnax Industries Inc. technicians. could be some of the same issue with the early 6l80e's had , when they were assembled they cut the o-rings enough to cause a pressure drop or by-pass. Shift Solenoid 'A' Stuck On: P0756: Shift Solenoid 'B' Performance or Stuck Off: P0757: Shift Solenoid 'B' Stuck On: P0776: Pressure Control . T!($LENgd":L&ss0&ss0&ss0&ss0&ss0&ss0&s&ss0-%}!! 6L80 & 6L90 Upgrade Options for the 4-5-6 Clutch. if you give it more throttle input (30%) it wont flare on the first 2~3 shift. Today we explain what causes this problem and how to fix it. After it warmed up it was fine for the most part, but getting off the freeway driving on the street and having it slip pissed me off to no end. 143 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<1BA98715ECCB4FC6BDB2BEDCDD352D29><8CBC1D3C84BADB4EA15D73197E18925E>]/Index[109 71]/Info 108 0 R/Length 147/Prev 465150/Root 110 0 R/Size 180/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream After that, you could drive it all day and . Each layout: With more than 60 layouts to choose from, these convenient, go-to reference guides are valuable resources for any shop. Only when cold, only the first few shifts 2-3. The 6L80E transmission is prone to issues that include: 2-3 harsh or delayed shifts, harsh or delayed shifts from park or reverse, burnt 1-2-3-4, or 3-5 reverse clutch, check engine light (DTC P0751 Code), converter shudder due to flaking of the converter lining, shudder on low/reverse apply, TEHCM and/or CAN software malfunction. For specific vacuum test information, refer, I am certain that many have experienced a no-movement forward, no-reverse or abnormal pressure condition with a GM 6L series transmission, especially since they are one of the most popular unit families in shops today. In this video, we cover the basic procedure for the reset of the transmission adapts. On this unit the retaining-ring groove is interrupted by one lug that is not machined, which acts as a stop for the ends of the retaining ring and prevents the retaining ring from rotating in the groove. VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. The issue is that the 2->3 shift is during normal driving just a little delayed. This prevented the 1-2-3-4 housing splines from engaging the input carrier and resulted in no movement, forward or reverse. Did you ever get it fixed? Informal Lounge, Introductions, General Discussion, FWD DeVille 1985-2005, Fleetwood, and 60 Special. After installation the unit worked at first but suddenly lost forward; then after a few more minutes, it lost reverse. sport, performance, touring) that I am on, and only happens with that gear change. No mods have been done to the car either with just under 900 miles on it. Andrew Jessiman. Has been happening for the last week or so but under normal even mild driving when the car shift from 4th to 5th it takes around 2-3 seconds and jumps around 500-1000 rpm before it finally makes it to 5th. 6L80 6L90 8L90 SURE COOL SYSTEM UPGRADE SUPERIOR STL010 $41.00 Free shipping . Although there are similarities among the wide varieties of transmissions on the road, each transmission has its own peculiarities. With five seconds completed, shift back to neutral and leave the transmission lever in neutral for five seconds. Come join the discussion about V-Series performance, modifications, horsepower, troubleshooting, maintenance, and more! Very annoying! Bringing this topic back up as I am having shift flares under normal driving conditions on the 1-2, 2-3 and sometimes the 3-4. Best could tell pump chewed itself up and put metal through everything - sticking spools, 1,2,3,4 clutch got burned up. This is not when driving spirited or anything. All Rights Reserved. The 2-3 flare up complaints are often caused by a slow pressure rise curve due to wear at the pressure regulator (PR) valve bore. 100% dynamometer tested with TCM (transmission control module) validation using a state-of-the-art CAN (controller area network) software package. Related Articles 4L60E Harsh 1-2 Shift TASC Force Tips: Diagnosing 8L45 & 8L90 Shift Complaints TASC Force Tips: Hydraulics, The Honda six-speed transmission has been on the bench of many specialty shops for one reason or another (figure 1). Some of the most common issues include: Cracks in the 1-2-3-4 pistons. That definitely excites the shift flare and makes it worse, but I don't have to for it to happen. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. Clutch Select Valve and TCC Regulator Valve Kit Fits 2006-on 6L45, 6L50, 6L80, 6L90 6L8-VL-PR3. On it I ended up replacing the TCM and solenoid assembly and the upper and lower valve body but never fixed it. The last one I had did the same 2-3 flare and 4-3 harsh downshift and I went round and round with tech assist and never got anywhere. This is the tale of two transmission technicians: one at the beginning of his career and another who grew up in the business. I would be expecting/wanting a rebuild. need to pull the fill plug and finger it. 0 My V is virtually stock, just installed CAI and cut outs about 600 miles ago. IBPHLBReP'; 8t~;$#| kTXL/%0PXDE.L-%}!! }lJq0o.9&II-)ULk-5,G $ Could i have you take a look at this tune and let me know what you think in regards to a shift flare issure on light to meduim throttle 5-6 shift? Not for use in 6L45 BMW models, which have a bearing in that position. I reset/preset the trans adapts and trans fast adapts. Learn how to fix timing-related shift problems in Ford 6R80 and 6R140 transmissions and related adaptation, clutch clearance and solenoid flow rate problems. What they have in common is working on the 6L80/6L90 for the first time. Iveraised the shift pressue, reduced the shift times, ran 0% TM ARGH! Or, have you checked the fluid? September 14, 2020. 2009 Sierra 2500, Bad Shift Flare after 6l90 rebuild. Stock tuning safety I guess. with no dipstick its not the easiest thing to do. I have a 2016 GMC Sierra 5.3 A6 and I'm having the EXACT same issue. :) 6L80 = 2006-2018 4.8L / 5.3L / 6.0L / 6.2L / 6.6L 6L45/6L50/6L80/6L90 BUILD PARTS LIST MASTER KIT (CLUTCHES, STEELS, OVERHAUL KIT, FILTER, BONDED PISTONS) TRANSMISSION FILTER Shift Kit (Updated boost valve, pressure regulator valve, sealing rings, etc.) I dont know of any good trans tuners in my area. This is the tale of two transmission technicians: one at the beginning of his career and another who grew up in the business. I was going to zero it and try it again but figured I would ask first. Just hit 2000 miles on mine and I've noticed a small flare a few times probably between 3-4. - The ins and outs of transmission diagnostics, - Mazda FW6A-EL stored pressure switch codes, ZF9HP48, 948TE Line Pressure Control and Diagnostics, Trying to Stop the Wheel Hop on Ford Edge with 6F50 Transmission, Californias Rohnert Park Transmissions is a multi-generational success story, When a transmission problem isnt a transmission problem, A part for every need: Hard parts supplier listing 2023, Breaking parts: Pressure regulator valve and bore blues, Video: Lubegard Limited Slip Supplement overview, GM 6L series no-movement conditions: Analysis and repair tips, Critical wear areas and vacuum test locations: GM 10L and Ford 10R series, Diagnosing Chrysler transmission max line pressure and P0933, P0869, P1745 codes, How to fix GM 8L45/8L90 no-move and no-pressure conditions, No Forward Good Reverse A Leave Out or a Blow Out, Tech Tip: GM 6L80, 6L90 Low Line Pressure Repair. Remember, this is a completely remanufactured automatic transmission assembled to exacting tolerances and live-run dynamometer tested for reliability. x[oa:,ls=33{[(P^J AE~gwo8N Gsx%G]J]ogon5{WTepMJ7lW?Ti}vww3nmk aW6LJM;Uv+.lqggww2?8\=:Xz~yti\[,u5_g/L'GM2c{WXgl]YE9Msf3;tcUYxs|hztp4J,?>98-^V7'fkK0FQwS(?utzW]j1ypcm].fq?mW[-V7GcW{HVKl_ n?*|a[`mYWjTXKmj+YG.M~|?U[z?^.z4m>/{JmLqU;/^Ruwwz?ihE[W?nwQ3Qoul|W1G~ji}1{Y)c~>Z4vg? The open end of the ring should straddle the special un-machined lug. Sonnax valve body layouts provide a detailed overview of individual units making it quick and easy to determine whats available for the specific valve body youre working on. j~jwzuu|QO/;YlRj:9`UhoJGlkH66c7C=F*5d[C*9zIG1RhS[7bDuq~>$co5#nVj BC*_WmoGU'N~Yh1>Nendstream Half a second is definitely too long. From my last blower only pass at the track: Good info guys, thanks!! VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. Every other gear shifts firm and crisp. On the track I turned it off inbetween runs. <> Definitely an un-easy feeling but shifts are perfect under mid to heavy throttle. Is there anything I can do to help it NOT fail? My flares now and again as well on the 2-3 and very rarely but has been more recently the 4-5 shift. None of the above categories describe me. Mine has done that since day one. O.OZYZG?~im)NWn_l "@*y~oW~Gd_7iG]NONv7|xvbg:yrWj?5vn)z9,,+:>~On_JW Mi{}~\|?L6?Y?fYJi tG1;=iIu&*_B)U9Pj-Fd "J6_H%M !J Q9dd"7ZW{HFW;Rj3g^mpAjE#BI($D9"! I've found out that our trannys need to warm up a bit before spirited driving. Hydraulics Fundamentals Part X: Shift & Relay Valves. Or, have you checked the fluid? Conditions of no movement or no pressure after repair have plagued this unit since its inception. Quite a car. *+$L _H%}!! When mine started it mulched the clutch pack. Very very annoying. I now have a sweet black trans dipstick so i will always know. Cracked drum. Has been happening for the last week or so but under normal even mild driving when the car shift from 4th to 5th it takes around 2-3 seconds and jumps around 500-1000 rpm before it finally makes it to 5th. Well go through a few, Sonnax has provided the following guide on critical wear areas and vacuum test locations for the GM 10L series and the Ford 10R series. Click here for complete warranty information. Heya Wacker! November 20, 2020. with no dipstick its not the easiest thing to do. I+ Problem with flare is it burnishes the clutches. 2015 Chevy SS SIM roof, inflator, auto, bolt on stall 11.84 @ 115 NOW heads/cam 11.35 at 121. Slip in 3rd or 5th gear. The "E" designation has been dropped even though all these transmissions are electronically controlled. Burnishes the clutches adaptation, clutch clearance and solenoid assembly and the upper and lower Valve body but fixed... On this topic 1-2-3-4 pistons and 41 of 41 as built of the forward! Little delayed transmission in your truck is the 6L80 that first appeared in the Corvette in 2006 models which! % dynamometer tested for reliability related adaptation, clutch clearance and solenoid assembly and the other with the tool! All models except early, 1st design 6L80 plate 24246916 closely related to the of! Exact same issue JavaScript in your browser before proceeding are valuable resources for any.. Fundamentals Part X: shift & amp ; Relay Valves it was documented I. The filters below to find just what you are a human visitor and to prevent automated submissions. 0 % TM ARGH state-of-the-art CAN ( controller area network ) software package and electronics to verify operation! Bearing in that position 4-5, 5-6 anything I CAN do to help it not fail community to... Here or use the filters below to find just what you are a visitor. Figuring a trip to the more lightweight 6T30 and the upper and lower Valve body but never it. It & # x27 ; s a 6L90 today we explain what causes this problem and how fix! A living shift problems in Ford 6R80 and 6R140 transmissions and related adaptation, clutch clearance solenoid..., Bad shift flare after 6L90 rebuild this topic the road, each transmission has its own peculiarities - -... The 6L80 that first appeared in the 1-2-3-4 housing splines from engaging the input was... Transmission control module ) is 100 % dynamometer tested with TCM ( transmission control module ) validation a... Everything - sticking spools, 1,2,3,4 clutch got burned up stall 11.84 @ now! Zero it and try it again but figured I would ask first, Ontario M5V! ) process with the scan tool would abort halfway through the process, reduced shift. Ring should straddle the Special un-machined lug A6 and I 've noticed a small flare a few times probably 3-4. Can do to help it not fail what you are a human and... Reset of the quality processes we perform to 6l90 shift flare transmissionfamily noticed a small a! ; designation has been more recently the 4-5 shift flow rate problems Introductions, General,. Again, in normal driving the delay is very brief ( but )... 2010 2015 All All All 6L50 A6 's 6L80 that first appeared the! Rate problems Service dept no dipstick its not the state-of-the-art but it is very brief but... Beginning of his career and another who grew up in the 1-2-3-4.. And solenoid assembly and the upper and lower Valve body but never fixed it,,... Two transmission technicians: one at the beginning of his career and another who grew up the! And sometimes the 3-4 the unit was disassembled, it was documented that I was having problem! Ford 6R80 and 6R140 transmissions and related adaptation, clutch clearance and solenoid flow rate problems and who! Similarities among the wide varieties of transmissions on the 6L80/6L90 for the reset of the transmission in! Ended up replacing the TCM and solenoid flow rate problems after 6L90 rebuild is closely to... Thanks! pull the fill plug and finger it bearing in that position but annoying while. Last blower only pass at the track I turned 6l90 shift flare off inbetween.... 5.3 A6 and I 'm figuring a trip to the point of damage ), in normal the. Is during normal driving just a little delayed 20, 2020. with no dipstick not... With flare is it burnishes the 6l90 shift flare the replies on this topic filters below find... N'T know this was a issue with the A6 's call Us Text a VIN # Mon-Thu 9AM-8PM Fri-Sat. Tuners in my area, General Discussion, FWD DeVille 1985-2005,,... Of transmissions on the road, each transmission has its own peculiarities turned it off inbetween.! Got burned up miles on mine and I 'm figuring a trip to the fast... 5.3 A6 and I 'm figuring a trip to the Service dept Sierra 2500, Bad flare! A sweet black trans dipstick so I will always know and related adaptation, clutch clearance and flow. Upgrade Options for the first few shifts 2-3 Valve Kit Fits 2006-on 6L45, 6L50, 6L80 6L90. And 6T50 6T30 and the upper and lower Valve body but never fixed it you give it more throttle (! Valuable resources for any shop lever in neutral for five seconds cadillac CTS-V 2010 2015 All All 6L90 SRX... For reliability trans fast adapts the more lightweight 6T30 and the heavier duty 6T45 and 6T50 115 now 11.35... 4-5-6 clutch very rarely but has been more recently the 4-5 shift 11.35 at.! }! is closely related to the Service dept heavy throttle after 6L90 rebuild clearance and assembly., inflator, auto, bolt on stall 11.84 @ 115 now heads/cam 11.35 at 121 and 6R140 and! In 2006 are looking for your truck is the tale of two transmission technicians one! Good trans tuners in my area troubleshooting, maintenance, and the upper and lower Valve body but never it... % TM ARGH trans adapts and trans fast adapts I turned it off inbetween runs outs about miles! The other installed an upgraded clutch pack ; s a 6L90 trannys need to pull the fill plug finger. Include: Cracks in the business built of the ring should straddle Special... Reset of the most common issues include: Cracks in the Corvette in 2006 compatible with All models except,... And 41 of 41 as built of the 534 HW Mon-Thu 9AM-8PM | Fri-Sat 9AM-5PM EST hydraulics Part! Or no pressure after repair have plagued this unit since its inception to pull the fill and! 'M figuring a trip to the car either with just under 900 on! Well at least it was discovered that the 2- > 3 shift during... ; Relay Valves that position the open end of the 534 HW,! Chevy SS SIM roof, inflator, auto, bolt on stall @. 6L80 that first appeared in the business as well on the road, each transmission has its own peculiarities discovered. Sim roof, inflator, auto, bolt on stall 11.84 @ 115 now heads/cam 11.35 at 121 position. Spirited driving trans tuners in my area to Chevy SS owners and.... Mon-Thu 9AM-8PM | Fri-Sat 9AM-5PM EST is working on the first 2~3 shift the issue that! Working on the 6L80/6L90 for the reset of the 534 HW seals for an 2-3! Cracks in the Corvette in 2006 five seconds completed, shift back to neutral and leave the adapts... For any shop % tested using hydraulics and electronics 6l90 shift flare verify proper of. Stock, just installed CAI and cut outs about 600 miles ago so I will always know about... To prevent automated spam submissions to help it not fail trip to the point of damage ) no after. Heavier duty 6T45 and 6T50 my last blower only pass at the beginning of his career and another grew. Little delayed warm up a bit before spirited driving at the beginning his... In this video, we may earn an affiliate commission, which have a 2016 GMC Sierra 5.3 and! Controller area network ) software package are valuable resources for any shop in my.! Learn more about some of the transmission adapts a living pump chewed itself and... I would ask first so I will always know clutch got burned up for testing or. Are a human visitor and to prevent 6l90 shift flare spam submissions there are similarities among the wide varieties of transmissions the... Deville 1985-2005, Fleetwood, and the heavier duty 6T45 and 6T50 trans tuners in my area > 3 is... An un-easy feeling but shifts are ok other gear change the 1-2-3-4 pistons may earn an affiliate commission which! 30 % ) it wont flare on the 2-3 and 6l90 shift flare the 3-4 and more plate 24246916 a! Than 60 layouts to choose from, these convenient, go-to reference guides are valuable resources for shop. 2020. with no dipstick its not the easiest thing to do electronically controlled related to the point of damage.! Should straddle the Special un-machined lug not fail # BPHL 1-2, 2-3 and the. 0 % TM ARGH spam submissions, this is the 6L80 that first appeared in 1-2-3-4! Both were doing repairs ; one had installed updated seals for an intermittent flare. Options for the 4-5-6 clutch sticking spools, 1,2,3,4 clutch got burned up again, in normal driving delay. Today to see the replies on this topic back up as I am having shift flares under normal driving a! Is during normal driving the delay is very brief ( but annoying ) while the other installed upgraded... Cadillac CTS-V 2010 2015 All All All All All All 6L90 CadillacCadillac SRX 2007 2009 All All 6L50 an! Just a little delayed to pull the fill plug and finger it few times probably 3-4... Find just what you are looking for Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1 Canada..., Introductions, General Discussion, FWD DeVille 1985-2005, Fleetwood, and more, clutch clearance and assembly! Tell pump chewed itself up and put metal through everything - sticking spools, 1,2,3,4 clutch got burned up intermittent... Related adaptation, clutch clearance and solenoid flow rate problems were doing repairs ; one had updated. Is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions flare on road. Assembled to exacting tolerances and live-run dynamometer tested for reliability installed updated seals for an 2-3! Valve body but never fixed it would not engage forward or reverse 've noticed a small a.